Anemia merupakan kondisi yang ditandai dengan rendahnya kadar hemoglobin dalam darah sehingga mengganggu distribusi oksigen ke seluruh tubuh. Pemeriksaan hemoglobin umumnya dilakukan secara invasif melalui pengambilan sampel darah, sehingga diperlukan metode alternatif yang lebih praktis, nyaman, dan non-invasif. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang dan membangun alat ukur hemoglobin non-invasif …
Monitoring systems for the early detection of diabetes are essential to avoid potential expensive medical costs. Currently, only invasive monitoring methods are commercially available. These methods have significant disadvantages as patients experience discomfort while obtaining blood samples. A non-invasive method of blood glucose level (BGL) monitoring that is painless and low-cost would …