Peer Review

Trunitin_Worldwide trends in body mass index underweight overweight and obesity from 1975 to 2016 a pooled analysis of 2416 population based measurement studies in 128 9 million children adolescents and adults

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Summary
Background Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health
consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI)
and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to
compare trends with those of adults.
Methods We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128·9 million
participants aged 5 years and older, including 31·5 million aged 5–19 years. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to
estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean BMI and for prevalence of BMI in the following categories
for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years: more than 2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference for
children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 SD to more than 1 SD below
the median (mild underweight), 1 SD below the median to 1 SD above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 SD to
2 SD above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 SD above the median (obesity).
Findings Regional change in age-standardised mean BMI in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change
(–0·01 kg/m² per decade; 95% credible interval –0·42 to 0·39, posterior probability [PP] of the observed decrease being
a true decrease=0·5098) in eastern Europe to an increase of 1·00 kg/m² per decade (0·69–1·35, PP>0·9999) in central
Latin America and an increase of 0·95 kg/m² per decade (0·64–1·25, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. The
range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0·09 kg/m² per decade (–0·33 to 0·49, PP=0·6926) in eastern
Europe to an increase of 0·77 kg/m² per decade (0·50–1·06, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Trends in mean
BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions
for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls. By contrast, the rise in
BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia for both sexes, and southeast Asia for boys. Global age-standardised
prevalence of obesity increased from 0·7% (0·4–1·2) in 1975 to 5·6% (4·8–6·5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0·9%
(0·5–1·3) in 1975 to 7·8% (6·7–9·1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased
from 9·2% (6·0–12·9) in 1975 to 8·4% (6·8–10·1) in 2016 in girls and from 14·8% (10·4–19·5) in 1975 to 12·4%
(10·3–14·5) in 2016 in boys. Prevalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in India, at 22·7% (16·7–29·6)
among girls and 30·7% (23·5–38·0) among boys. Prevalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in Nauru, the Cook
Islands, and Palau; and boys in the Cook Islands, Nauru, Palau, Niue, and American Samoa in 2016. Prevalence of
obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, the Middle East and north Africa, the
Caribbean, and the USA. In 2016, 75 (44–117) million girls and 117 (70–178) million boys worldwide were moderately
or severely underweight. In the same year, 50 (24–89) million girls and 74 (39–125) million boys worldwide were obese

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: .,

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Indonesia

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NONE

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